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The Tuath(a) Dé Danann (usually translated as "people(s)/tribe(s) of the goddess Danu"), also known by the earlier name Tuath Dé ("tribe of the gods"),〔Koch, John T. ''Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia''. ABC-CLIO, 2006. pp.1693-1695〕 are a supernatural race in Irish mythology. They are thought to represent the main deities of pre-Christian Gaelic Ireland.〔 The Tuath Dé dwell in the Otherworld but interact with humans and the human world. Their traditional rivals are the Fomorians (Fomoire), who seem to represent the harmful or destructive powers of nature.〔MacCulloch, John Arnott. ''The Religion of the Ancient Celts''. The Floating Press, 2009. pp.80, 89, 91〕〔Smyth, Daragh. ''A Guide to Irish Mythology''. Irish Academic Press, 1996. p.74〕 Each member of the Tuath Dé has been associated with a particular feature of life or nature, but many appear to have more than one association. Many also have bynames, some representing different aspects of the deity and others being regional names or epithets.〔Ward, Alan (2011). ''The Myths of the Gods: Structures in Irish Mythology''. p.9〕 Much of Irish mythology was recorded by Christian monks, who modified it to an extent. They often depicted the Tuath Dé as kings, queens and heroes of the distant past who had supernatural powers or who were later credited with them.〔Carey, John. "Tuath Dé", in ''The Celts: History, Life, and Culture''. Edited by John T. Koch. ABC-CLIO, 2012. pp.751-753〕 Other times they were explained as fallen angels who were neither good nor evil.〔W. B. Yeats (1888). ''(Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry )''. p.1〕 However, some medieval writers acknowledged that they were once gods. A poem in the ''Book of Leinster'' lists many of them, but ends "Although (author ) enumerates them, he does not worship them". The Dagda's name is explained as meaning "the good god"; Brigit is called "a goddess worshipped by poets"; while Goibniu, Credne and Luchta are referred to as ''Trí Dé Dána'' ("three gods of craftsmanship"), Characters such as Lugh, the Morrígan, Aengus and Manannán mac Lir appear in tales set centuries apart, showing all the signs of immortality. They also have parallels in the pantheons of other Celtic peoples: for example Nuada is cognate with the British god Nodens; Lugh is cognate with the pan-Celtic god Lugus; Brigit with Brigantia; Tuirenn with Taranis; Ogma with Ogmios; and the Badb with Catubodua. The Tuath Dé eventually became the Aos Sí or "fairies" of later folklore.〔Koch, ''Celtic Culture'', pp.729, 1490, 1696〕〔Monaghan, Patricia. ''The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore.'' Infobase Publishing, 2004. p.167〕〔MacCulloch, John Arnott. ''Celtic Mythology''. Dover Publications, 2004. p.49〕〔Black, Ronald. ''The Gaelic Otherworld''. Birlinn, 2008. p.xxxii〕 ==Name== The Old Irish word ''tuath'' (plural ''tuatha'') means "people, tribe, nation"; ''dé'' is the genitive case of ''día'' and, depending on context, can mean "god, gods, goddess" or more broadly "supernatural being, object of worship".〔''Dictionary of the Irish Language'', Compact Edition, Royal Irish Academy, 1990, pp. 612〕 In the earliest writings, the mythical race are referred to as the ''Tuath Dé'' (plural ''Tuatha Dé'').〔 However, Irish monks also began using the term ''Tuath Dé'' to refer to the Israelites,〔 with the meaning "People of God".〔James MacKillop, ''Dictionary of Celtic Mythology'', Oxford University Press, p. 366〕 Apparently to avoid confusion with the Israelites,〔 writers began to refer to the mythical race as the ''Tuath Dé Danann'' (plural ''Tuatha Dé Danann''). The Old Irish pronunciation is and the Modern Irish pronunciation is (:t̪ˠuə(hi) dʲeː d̪ˠanˠən̪ˠ) in the West and North, and (:t̪ˠuəhə dʲeː d̪ˠan̪ˠən̪ˠ) in the South. A rough English approximation is or . ''Danann'' is generally believed to be the genitive of a female name, for which the nominative case is not attested. It has been reconstructed as ''Danu'', of which ''Anu'' (genitive ''Anann'') may be an alternative form.〔 ''Anu'' is called "mother of the Irish gods" by Cormac mac Cuilennáin.〔 This may be linked to the Welsh mythical figure Dôn.〔 Hindu mythology also has a goddess called Danu, who may be an Indo-European parallel. However, this reconstruction is not universally accepted.〔James MacKillop, ''Myths and Legends of the Celts'', Penguin, 2005, p. 136.〕 It has also been suggested that ''Danann'' is a conflation of ''dán'' ("skill, craft") and the goddess name ''Anann''.〔 The name is also found as ''Donann'' and ''Domnann'',〔John T Koch & John Carey (eds), ''The Celtic Heroic Age'', Celtic Studies Publications, 1997, p. 245〕 which may point to the origin being proto-Celtic '' *don'', meaning "earth"〔 (compare the Old Irish word for earth, ''doman''). There may be a link with the mythical Fir Domnann〔''Lebor Gabála Érenn'' (§49 )〕 and the British Dumnonii.〔MacKillop 1998, p. 129〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tuatha Dé Danann」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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